Lottery – Is It Morally Justified?
Lottery is a form of gambling in which a prize is offered for the chance to participate in an arrangement in which the distribution of prizes depends entirely on luck and probability. Lottery has a long history, dating back to the drawing of lots in ancient times. It was used by the Jewish people in the Old Testament, by Roman emperors to distribute property and slaves, and by the British colonists during the Revolutionary War for funding public projects. Despite initial objections by many Christians, in the late 19th century lottery became popular in the United States and spread to most states.
The process of drawing lots to determine ownership or other rights is recorded in the Bible and in ancient documents, but the modern lottery was introduced by King James I in 1612. Since then, state governments have used lotteries to fund a wide variety of public and private initiatives, including towns, wars, colleges, and public-works projects. The popularity of lotteries has prompted controversy over whether they are morally justified.
As a matter of policy, state lotteries are almost always created by statute, with the government acting as a monopoly owner and operator. They are typically launched with a small number of basic games and then, in order to increase revenue, expand into new games and advertising campaigns. The result is that, over time, lottery operations often lose sight of their original intent – to provide an alternative source of income to those who cannot afford other forms of gambling.
In addition to expanding their game offerings, lotteries must also compete with the commercial gaming industry that uses a variety of promotional techniques to draw in customers. These include offering big jackpots and other incentives, introducing innovative ticket formats such as scratch-offs, and promoting their products through high-profile television commercials. Some critics of state lotteries argue that they promote irrational gambling behavior and are harmful to society.
While the benefits of lottery are clear, evaluating the morality of a particular operation requires a broader view of state governance. In most cases, once a lottery has been established, debate shifts away from the morality of gambling in general to specific features of lottery operations such as the alleged impact on lower-income groups and the proliferation of problem gambling. As a result, the continuing evolution of lotteries often runs at cross-purposes with the state’s overall welfare agenda.
The lottery is a classic example of how public policy is made piecemeal and incrementally, with limited attention to the overall impact on the larger community. Even in the best of circumstances, a lottery is rarely viewed as an integral part of the overall system of state revenue and spending. In the end, though, lottery officials are at the mercy of a marketplace that is inherently unstable and difficult to control. Moreover, it is very difficult for lottery officials to distinguish between what they think is right and what the marketplace actually wants.